Monday, September 30, 2019

Fundamental Breach According to the Cisg

Article 25 A breach of contract committed by one of the parties is fundamental if it results in such detriment to the other party as substantially to deprive him of what he is entitled to expect under the contract, unless the party in breach did not foresee and a reasonable person of the same kind in the same circumstances would not have foreseen such a result. (CISG 1980) Used when: One of the parties suffers damages due to a breach of contract. The breach becomes fundamental when it is due to the other parties fault.This article could be interpreted as to whether or not the breaching party was ‘guilty’ of any form of neglect which caused the damages. If they could have prevented the damages, by handling reasonably, they are guilty of a fundamental breach of contract. Case: Tribunal: Court of Arbitration of the ICC Case#: 7531 of 1994 Seller’s Country: China (defendant) Buyer’s Country: Austria (claimant) Goods involved: Scaffold fittings Summary of the ca se: The plaintiff bought 80. 00 scaffold fittings from the Chinese seller. Upon delivery it turned out a substantial amount of the fittings were of bad quality. The buyer was only able to sell the goods partially and at a reduced price. Sorting out the good ones from the bad ones would have added an estimated third of the purchase-price. The Tribunal ruled in favour of the plaintiff as ‘an important part’ of the fittings did not conform to the sample which therefore resulted in a fundamental breach of contract.What was the effect of Article 25: It was proven that the plaintiff had suffered substantial damages due to the breach of contract. This enabled him to use art 25 and sue for damages. ? Article 35 (1) The seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and description required by the contract and which are contained or packaged in the manner required by the contract. 2) Except where the parties have agreed otherwise, the goods do not conform with the contract unless they: (a) are fit for the purposes for which goods of the same description would ordinarily be used; (b) are fit for any particular purpose expressly or impliedly made known to the seller at the time of the conclusion of the contract, except where the circumstances show that the buyer did not rely, or that it was unreasonable for him to rely, on the seller's skill and judgement; (c) possess the qualities of goods which the seller has held out to the buyer as a sample or model; (d) are contained or packaged in the manner usual for such goods or, where there is no such manner, in a manner adequate to preserve and protect the goods. 3) The seller is not liable under subparagraphs (a) to (d) of the preceding paragraph for any lack of conformity of the goods if at the time of the conclusion of the contract the buyer knew or could not have been unaware of such lack of conformity. (CISG 1980) Used when: This article is used when the goods delivered are not fit for the purpo se intended for them or when they are not of the same quality as the sample provided by the seller. They also need to be packed in a manner adequate to preserve and protect the goods. If they are not fit for purpose due to adequate packing, this the sellers fault. Note though that fitness for purpose is a broad term. For instance if meat has been purchased by a butcher in France he might deem the goods unfit as he meant to use them for Kosher meat. This does not count as the seller could not have foreseen this, unless it was mentioned.When selling it to a butcher in Israel however, the seller could have/ should have known these requirements. In fitness for purpose we look at the average quality required for products, unless expressly mentioned otherwise. Case: Tribunal: Bundesgerichthof (Federal Supreme Court) Case#: VIII ZR 159/94 Seller’s Country: Switzerland (Plaintiff) Buyer’s Country: Germany (Defendant) Goods involved: New Zealand Mussels Summary of the case: In this case the buyer bought mussels from a Swiss seller; the buyer later found they contained a cadmium level higher than the German health authorities allowed. Therefore he was not allowed to sell and he refused to pay due to a lack of conformity.The courts decided that though the cadmium levels in the mussels was higher than allowed in Germany, they were still eatable and did meet the standard required by the Swiss health authorities. It was therefore decided that the goods were of the required quality and the buyer should have mentioned the maximum cadmium levels allowed. What was the effect of Article 35: In this case it meant that the products did meet the required standard for quality of goods and the buyer had to pay for the products. ? Article 36 (1) The seller is liable in accordance with the contract and this Convention for any lack of conformity which exists at the time when the risk passes to the buyer, even though the lack of conformity becomes apparent only after that t ime. 2) The seller is also liable for any lack of conformity which occurs after the time indicated in the preceding paragraph and which is due to a breach of any of his obligations, including a breach of any guarantee that for a period of time the goods will remain fit for their ordinary purpose or for some particular purpose or will retain specified qualities or characteristics. (CISG 1980) Used when: The goods sold initially seem to be in good order, however after some time a lack of quality shows. This is only viable when the reason for this is due the sellers fault (e. g. When cars are sold and the paint starts to faint a month after the buyer obtained them, this could be the sellers fault due to using the wrong paint). Case:Tribunal: Bundesgerichtshof [Federal Supreme Court] Case#: VIII ZR 67/04 Seller’s Country: Belgium (Plaintiff) Buyer’s Country: Germany (Defendant) Goods involved: Frozen Pork Summary of the case: The buyer bought the goods to sell them on into Bosnia- Herzegovina. There were to be three deliveries of pork. In between deliveries a new ordinance was enacted in Germany (due to concerns regarding contamination of the meat) which stated that Belgian pork was no longer marketable unless a health certificated was provided. The defendants refuse to pay after they had been prohibited to resale the meats, which were then taken by customs and ultimately disposed of.The plaintiff argued that the risk had passed to the buyer when the goods were transported and therefor was liable for the events that took place. The court held however, that if the concerns were regarding to the harmfulness of the foodstuff to human health, the goods cannot be sold and therefor lack the required fitness for purpose. What was the effect of Article 36: Art 36 could be used in this case because the meat would already have been contaminated upon leaving the seller. Despite the fact that it was not detected until much later, when the risk had already passed to the buyer, the seller was still responsible as it was an initial breach of contract. ? Reference List: CISG 1980, United Nations, Accessed 26th of march 2013, ; http://www. cisg. law. pace. edu;

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Humanities are not useless Essay

Humanities are the subjects such as history, philosophy, and literature which are concerned with human ideas and behaviors. This is only a general idea. The deeper meaning of studying humanities is that it is an academic approach to understanding people better, a way to enable us to develop better not only through four years university life but also in one’s entire life. Some people may say that humanities are useless because people cannot make considerable money with them. However, that is not the truth. Once someone has realized the value of studying humanities, this will be beneficial for his or her life. I study humanities because I believe I will gain plenty of meanings of life through the learning process. Most people think that humanities are useless, my mother is one of those people. She is always asking me that why would you waste our money and your time on such useless stuff. However, my father does not think so, he believes that everything has its own value, even humanities. In this case, I strongly agree with my father. The reason why my mother thinks that humanities are useless is that people cannot make good money with them; the jobs related to humanities are not well-paid. Actually this is a generalization which people have commonly. Nevertheless, people who think so are wrong. The truth is opposite. According to the article â€Å"Liberal Arts and the Advantages of Being Useless†, the author explains that even people with Liberal Arts degree have pretty much the same chance as other majors to end up making good money. Although humanities are useless for maximal one’s salary immediately after graduation, and bring a slightly greater risk of unemployment immediately after graduation, there is good evidence that Liberal Arts majors tend to earn higher salaries by midcareer. Besides, life is short, and it should not be all about money. There are other intangible things to pursue. â€Å"There are lessons to be learned from the humanities that were not available anywhere else† said by Julia T. Cadenhead(2001). According to the Syllabus of ACMA01, courses in humanities explore such fundamental questions as how we use language, how our ideas and thoughts on the human experience are expressed and interpreted, how we determine value of meaning, how we define ideas such as †truth† â€Å"beauty†, and â€Å"arts†. They consider ideas about meaning of life, the reasons for our thoughts and actions, and the values and principles that inform our laws, norms and customs those written and unwritten. Unlike science, there are not standard answers to these questions. Furthermore, different people grew up in different environments, they have various cultures, backgrounds, and languages. Studying humanities make people think in different ways and experience a journey that they have never taken before. In addition, people who are studying humanities are becoming more comprehensive and compassionate about one’s self and one’s community. Different from other subjects such as medicine and law which make people useful for specific purposes, humanities make people better citizens. During the learning process, people gain self-improvements because studying humanities can make people think meaningful questions that somehow change people’s life in a good way. For example, many prisoners do not have religions before they go to prison, but some of these people are found through religions. When they are not only learning religions but studying humanities as a whole, they reflect what they have done. They can tell the rights from wrongs. They are becoming better. After they are released from prison, they behave well, they become useful citizens. This is beneficial for both society and individuals. Humanities are not useless. They can make you earn considerable money; they can make you gain self-improvements; they can make you question things that may change your life. Once someone has discovered the value of studying humanities, his or her life will change. Reference: Jones, Nichlaos. â€Å"Liberal Arts, and the Advantages of Being Useless. † Academia. edu. n. p. n. d. Web. 5 Sept. 2013.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

American Government Module Journals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Government Module Journals - Assignment Example In turn, it became the case that you could actually hedge and invest with the hope that individuals and corporations would default on their mortgage. As an issue of government, the securities industry is a self-regulated body, with some legislative cross-over into a government overseen legal jurisdiction. The de-regulation fervor of the 'less government is best' ideologues had tragic outcomes in the 2009 crisis, and precisely because the impact well beyond just the investors themselves. It is one thing when someone takes a loss with their own risk, and another when the general public is affected. 2:The constitution and Federalism The Federalist Papers are the lengthy justifications, and philosophical backgrounds to much of the principles of the Constitution and also the Amendments. When thinking about the Constitution, and Federalism, so many issues are at stake. One that per-occupied Madison, was the concern that he had with factions. As a justification for the freedom of assembly, the freedom to free-speech or religious affiliation, he argued that if we allowed all factions to flourish in the state, there is a better chance that no single faction will rise above to dominate all other perspectives and interests. Arguably, when it comes to the constitution in relation to federalism, Madison's views on factions and 'free speech' are among the most significant related issues. 3:Civil Liberties and Civil Rights Affirmative Action Equal Opportunity then and Now Lyndon B. Johnson, who was the Democratic Vice-President that became President because of Kennedy's assassination, introduced the most significant piece of labor and social justice legislation in the 1963 Equal Pay Act which was followed in 1964 with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 [Purvis 124]. Both were aimed at not only protecting against discrimination, but also pro-actively improving the problem of social and economic inequalities. Johnson maintained that the system ought not just protect the rights and eq uality of access, but actually pro-actively improve the situation of those such that they arrive on equal footing. Where civil rights in the past was concerned primarily with the property owning white males who made up the social order, in its more current manifestation, a greater attention is now paid to the rights of visible minorities, and also attention is now paid to inequities based on gender. The social and historical context of this legislation, is the civil rights movements and protests of the late 1950's and early 1960's, and it is worth noting that these were mostly protesting against the legality of 'Jim Crow' Laws in the US South [Purvis 203]. 4:Public Opinion Political action the median and political parties Survey's are the means by which one can prove anything to any-one. However, with proper representative demographics, they can be pretty powerful and accurate interpreters of public sentiment, at the same time. Political ideology, and public policy are unquestionabl y shaped by public opinion and that means that those who collect that are influential. For instance, when the majority of people are erroneously misled to believe that the current President was born outside of the US, or that Green House Gas emissions and the amount of untreated carbon in the air, are causes of 'global warming', the policies and actions will reflect that. Recently, the President put his 'birth-certificate' on-line. Would he have done that if opinion polls

Friday, September 27, 2019

The U.S Occupation of Japan (1945-1952) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The U.S Occupation of Japan (1945-1952) - Essay Example Domestic and Foreign Policy The first phase of occupation which roughly started after the end of the war from 1945 to 1947 involved the most fundamental changes that took place in Japan. America punished Japan due to its past expansion and militarism by convening war crimes in Tokyo. During this time, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) dismantled Japanese army and banned the military officers from taking roles in political roles in the government (Drohan, 2007). During this time, SCAP land reforms that were meant in providing equality in land ownership to the tenants were acquired from the landlords who supported the Japanese expansionism in the 1930s. Demilitarization and Democratization Demilitarization of Japan was a guarantee to the America that Japan would never engage in military activities. In the first two years of occupation, the industrialists and officers blamed for the war were a further hedge against a revanchist threat. Democratization was a process undertaken by Americans in Japan that no other occupation force had done before. The America performed the democratization process through remarking the social, political, cultural and economic fabric Japan and changed them based on their way of thinking (Aldous, n.d.). The tough initiative was in writing the constitution that was to be used in Japan and compelling its acceptance by the Japanese diet. One of the factors that proved the success of the occupation in Japan was the Constitution that was developed by the Americans.

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Macro essay question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Macro essay question - Assignment Example The theories of Economic Growth are used to formulate functional relationships in separate economic models. Money, balance of payment, goods and credit functions are made through these theories. According to the theory, demand=supply, when an economy will be in equilibrium producing the optimal level of output. When the economy produces potential output, with the given state of labor, capital and technology resource, then it generates full employment. However, it should be noted that even in the full employment level, an economy can experience a natural unemployment rate of utmost 4.2%. Any changes in the equilibrium are automatically rectified through price and quantity adjustments. Business Cycle and Economic Growth Theories are important because it helps to forecast the AD and potential production level of an economy. The direction of prices and employment opportunities are determined by AD. On the other hand, the long run economic prosperity of a nation is analyzed through its potential production level. However, AD and potential output of an economy experiences a directly proportional relationship with each other. This is because when AD increases, the economic agents of a market invests more in capital, labor and technology and hence reaches the potential production level. During an economic recession, the AD is less than AS of a market. If the interest rates are lowered then the cost of borrowing money will fall. This will enhance the investment opportunities in the market and expand the scopes of foreign trade. The gross employment opportunities will rise with increase in investment expenditure. With devaluation of exchange rates, the exports of the country will become cheaper than the imports. Finally it will generate a higher demand for domestically manufactured relatively inexpensive goods of the economy and hence increase the AD. The market will be out of recession with rise in AD. The consumers’ loyalty towards a

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Business Model Generation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Model Generation - Essay Example One of them includes the platform for socialization by individuals. Most individuals use Facebook to socialize by connecting to new people around the globe, getting new connections and ideas from other online friends. Creation of such platform has enhanced Facebook use. The Facebook platform is also used by most organizations for advertising & product promotion of their products. They use the platform to create awareness of the new product in the market or increase the clientele for the new products already in the market. Customer Relationships This involves the connections between the organization and their clients. It highlights that individuals get involved in Facebook and how the Company wins their spirit to continue holding them (Lillqvist & Salminen, 2015). One way in which individuals join Facebook is through creating a personal account and updating a profile. This process is free, and therefore individuals can easily access it. The Facebook facility is easily available and ac cessible from individuals comfort through their phones; computers and tablets.The services provided by the Company are also very favorable and affordable besides being of variety. The Partnerships These are other sites that work in partnership with the Facebook Company in creating a larger platform for activities. These partnerships help increase the client base and provide opportunities that help connections and ability to share. Individuals can connect through LinkedIn and share ideas through Facebook.

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Implementing Measurements and Testing Models Essay

Implementing Measurements and Testing Models - Essay Example Sampling is done primarily because a population may be very large and diverse making it impossible for the researchers to study all of them given the available resources as well as the element of time. The Sloven formula is commonly used to compute for the desired sample size based on the total population and the margin of error or confidence level. The formula for computing the sample size is as follows: To determine the sample population for a study on drug use of prisoners in the State facilities, the researcher may use stratified random sampling. Stratified random sample involves subdividing the population into smaller homogenous groups to get more accurate information (Best, 2003). It is a commonly used probability method that is superior to random sampling because it reduces sampling error. A stratum is a subset of the population that shares at least one common characteristic. Examples of stratums might be males and females, or managers and non-managers. The researcher first identifies the relevant stratums and their actual representation in the population. Random sampling is then used to select a sufficient number of subjects from each stratum. "Sufficient" refers to a sample size large enough for us to be reasonably confident that the stratum represents the population. Stratified sampling is often used when one or more of the stratums in the population have a low incidence re lative to the other stratums (http://www.statpac.com/surveys/sampling.htm) Since prisoners are detailed in several areas spread all throughout Oklahoma, distributing the sample population according to the area or location of the facility and relative to the number of inmates in each area would ensure representation of each facility. Assuming that the survey research will be conducted in the facilities under the Oklahoma State Department of Corrections, and the desired margin of error is 1% or at 99% confidence level, we can compute for the desired sample size of a population such as 20,306 inmates as of December 8 figures in the OkDOC database using Sloven formula - n = N/(1+Ne2) n = 20,306 / 1+ [(20,306 ) (.01) 2 ] n = 20,306 / 1 + [ (20,306) (.0001)] n = 20,306 / 1 + 2.0306 n = 20, 306 / 3.306 n = 6,142.16 or 6143 Thus, the total number of respondents to the survey on drug use among inmates in the Oklahoma State Department of Corrections will be 6,142 inmates. This figure will be drawn proportionally from the different facilities throughout the State according to their actual count of inmates. Based on percentage share computed in Appendix A, the following will be the distribution of inmate-respondent in each facility. Table 1 - Distribution of Respondents per Facility FACILITIES NAME % of total pop'n # of respondent per facility** 1. Charles E. "Bill" Johnson Correctional Center 2.1 129 2. Dick Conner Correctional Center 4.7 289 3. Dr. Eddie Warrior Correctional Center 3.7 227 4. Howard McLeod Correctional Center 3.1 190 5. Jackie Brannon Correctional Center 3.6 221 6. James Crabtree Correctional Center 3.9 240 7. Jess Dunn Correctional Center 4.8 295 8. Jim E. Hamilton Correctional Center 3.4 209 9. John Lilley Correctional Center 3.6 221 10. Joseph Harp Correctional Center 6.8 418 11. Lexington A & R Center 2 123 12. Mabel Bassett Correctional Cent

Monday, September 23, 2019

Sandvik Saws and Tools Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sandvik Saws and Tools Industry - Essay Example The essay is about the case of Sandvik saws and tools industry. Sandvik saws and tools I is a saws and other hand tools industry with a global presence. With its Headquarters in Stockholm, Sweden, the organization is known for its technical competence and maintenance of quality. The organization sells its products in more than 60 countries globally and has a strong presence in Europe. With its own centralized supply and distribution mechanism the organization is able to manage the supply of its products. However the management decided to upgrade the quality of the products by using a particular strategy called as ERGO strategy. The organization has spent a considerable amount of money for supply of technically advanced tools into the market. With this ERGO strategy the management hoped to gain a substantial share in the U.S market, which is not to be. The essay probes deeper into the problems or hindrances for the organization which are acting as limitations and suggests strategies for improvement of the same. The essay is about the case of Sandvik saws and tools industry. Sandvik saws and tools I is a saws and other hand tools industry with a global presence. ... 10. Brand value 11. Supply chain mechanism. 12. References Introduction to the case: The essay is about the case of Sandvik saws and tools industry. Sandvik saws and tools I is a saws and other hand tools industry with a global presence. With its Headquarters in Stockholm, Sweden, the organization is known for its technical competence and maintenance of quality. The organization sells its products in more than 60 countries globally and has a strong presence in Europe. With its own centralized supply and distribution mechanism the organization is able to manage the supply of its products. The industry into which Sandvik can be termed as a fragmented industry in which there is plenty of scope for new entrants to come in because of low entry barriers such as technology, or laws regulating its entry. Sandvik Saws and Tools chose ERGO or improvising ergonomics of the tools as a strategy for better positioning of its products in Europe and U.S. The task of implementing the strategy was given another Swedish based organization called as EDG, Ergonomi Design Gruppen, specialists in hand made tools design. According to Sandvik management the ERGO strategy should place the product streets ahead in the competition. However it is not to be. Despite very strong in technology and quality of products Sandvik was unable to maintain a substantial gain in market share in U.S. The essay tries to portray the various reasons for this lack luster performance of the organization and suggests suitable strategies to be applied in the subject area. Parameters chosen for analysis of the case: The various parameters I have chosen for analysis of the case are those which are relevant to any fragmented industry and also a maturing industry. They are such as 1.

Sunday, September 22, 2019

True Cost of Mega-Retailers Essay Example for Free

True Cost of Mega-Retailers Essay The phenomenon of big box economics brings with several ethical concerns that taint its most favorable effect, that of bringing lower-priced goods to the American market. Whether manufacturers who produce these goods keep their factories on United States soil or abroad, many of the persons who work within them suffer under conditions that no American would be required to endure. On American soil, such workers (who are likely to be illegal immigrants) are often paid at the lowest rates possible, and along with this comes the lack of accompanying benefits, such as health or accident insurance (Mitchell, 36). Many manufacturers are often drawn to foreign soil because minimum wages are much lower in some countries, making the costs of production fall to a level that increases their profit margins significantly. Despite the fact that higher profit margins lead to greater overall taxes paid to the government, these practices do impact negatively on the American economy. One way in which this negative impact is felt is through the removal of jobs from the American arena into other countries. Many of these factories employ thousands of workers, and each of them represents one unemployed American that would otherwise be contributing to the overall national income (GDP) of the country. This negatively affects the unemployment rate within the country, and therefore counteracts the aforementioned positive benefits in the area of taxes by making it necessary for the government to pay out unemployment benefits. The employment of low-paid immigrants or the outsourcing of jobs also forces Americans to settle for lower wages, as any refusal to accept these would simply induce manufacturers to apply to the overabundance of these foreigners. This leads to a lower standard of living for Americans. One researcher has also shown that big-box retailers whose low-cost commodities put local retailers out of business also hurt the local banks, which traditionally have strong relationships with the small retailers (Mitchell, 42). In America’s banking crisis today, such retailers are likely to continue exacerbating the economic problem, making it that much more difficult for the economy to recover from recession. Reference Mitchell, S.. Big-box Swindle: The True Cost of Mega-Retailers and the Fight for America’s Independent Businesses. Boston: Beacon Press, 2006

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Human Rights and Development Essay Example for Free

Human Rights and Development Essay Introduction The endless efforts by human beings in formulating perception to respect human dignity resulted the human rights discourse and so was case of development. The inherent intensity of searching ‘better’ for human being to respect the human dignity paves the way for new development concept by integrating human rights norms into development, and thereby making a paradigm shift from other development models. The transition from focusing on material to focusing on human in development reflects the deepening of people understanding about the relations between human rights and development. However, armed conflicts within and beyond the national boundaries have been seriously violating human rights and hampering development process. War around the globe had and still has the same result. People around the globe are reshuffling their thinking on development models to ensure human rights thereby getting a peaceful environment free from war and conflicts. The aim of this paper is to explore the negative relation, if any, between armed conflicts, war and human rights and development assuming as a development model. Linking human rights with development as a development model Human rights are those rights without which a human being cannot live as human being. These rights are indispensable and inviolable, no one is supposed to take away these rights from any individual or groups. These rights are so basic and fundamental that any man or woman gets that from his or her birth and which are founded on human dignity. On the other hand, Development has now become an inter-disciplinary subject or it can be attributed to different political or ideological viewpoints. Development is as much a prerogative of nations as of individuals within nations. Development as comprehensively would be meant†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"is a comprehensive economic, social, cultural and political process, which aims at the constant improvement of the well-being of the entire population and of all individuals on the basis of their active, free, and meaningful participation in development and in fair distribution of benefits resulting therefrom.† Human rights and development an integrated approach of development as comparatively a new development model generally known as ‘Rights based approach’. â€Å"A rights-based approach is a conceptual framework for the process of human development that is normatively based on international human rights standards and operationally directed to promoting and protecting human rights. The right-based approach integrates the norms, standards and principles of international human rights system into the plans, policies and processes of development.† Linking human rights with peace as antithesis of conflicts and war Journey towards protecting rights of the people and ensuring peace in this globe had an immemorial history. It was so strongly perceived and advocated from the World War I and during and after World War II, which resulted the concept of human rights as it understood today. Perhaps, it was President Wilson of U.S.A. who advocated for rights of the minority as global protection at Peace Conference in Versailles (1919). During World War II world had witnessed the massive violation of human rights and denial of peace. Consequently, international legal and political leaders committed to show respect human rights and to stop wars and conflicts which paved the way for establishing UN as global organization. â€Å"We the peoples of the United Nations determined†¦to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our life time has brought untold sorrow to mankind.† Human beings are in position from where they want to respect the dignity and to avoid the barbarous acts of conflicts and wars by proper understanding and realizing these rights. â€Å"whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind.† But after acknowledging the human rights and making commitments through UN, does the world avoid conflicts and war that violate human rights. The answer would certainly be negative though there was no world war since 1946 to onwards. But the world is witnessed of massive human rights violation in Sudan, Congo, Ruanda, Iraq, Afghanistan and different parts of the world. These in the long run violate the human rights. War, conflicts external or internal and unrest are threat to peace and security everywhere which are the conditions precedent for realizing human rights. Thus, war is the antithesis of human rights and vice- versa. â€Å"It is widely believed that the denial of human rights is not only an individual and personal tragedy as it also creates conditions of social and political unrest, sowing the seeds of violence and conflict within and between the societies and nations.† Thus, there is a close relation in observance of human rights and maintenance of peace or vice versa. The Declaration of Principle of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among the states in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, which was adopted by the UNGA in resolution 2625(XXV) of 24 October 1970, that postulates â€Å"maintaining and strengthening international peace founded upon freedom, justice and respect for human rights.† Respect, promotion and protection of human rights helps to reduce the conflicts, internal or external and thereby avoiding the war, because by respecting fundamental human rights no civilized nations can support and go for war. Linking development with peace as antithesis of conflicts and war In the context of 21st century, the concept of development has been drastically changed. Now development is perceived in much broader sense than that of previous. Notion of development equating with commodity or economic growth has been changed and now development is perceived as human development, meaning â€Å"the process of enlarging people’s choices.† Thus, there is a close relation between development and peace. An underdeveloped environment is not generally accepted that peace shall be prevailing. For this, to establish such environment, commitments are reflected in UN charter establishing conditions under which justice, respect to international law, to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, ensuring economic and social development for all would be prevailed. Peaceful environment is very much conducive for development and vice versa, Almost 20 years after the cold war our world is becoming less safe, industrialized countries are facing human insecurity by terrorism. Conflicts by internal groups are also visible in different developing and least developing countries. The world both developed and under-developed is suffering the common problem of insecurity which exposed by among the reasons †¦deprivation, violation of human rights and less development approach by the rulers. Insecurity linked to armed conflict remains one of the greatest obstacles to realize human rights and development. â€Å"Every civilian death linked to conflict is a violation of human rights.† The human security which is the essence of human rights and development has got larger attention across the globe in this era of globalization. The state centric security now turns into the human centric security. Promotion of security helps to ensure the development as well as human rights, and insecurity expose to unrest and under-development and massive violation of human rights. â€Å"Humanity cannot enjoy security without development or development without security, and neither without respect for human rights.† Human being can achieve complete fulfillment of its aspirations only within the just social order. For the stable, peaceful, non-violent environment are preconditions which are more often disturbed by the war and conflicts. â€Å"†¦international peace and security on the one hand, and social progress and economic development on the other, are closely interdependent and influence each other.† Furthermore, there is very close relationship between disarmament which exposes peace as well as development and also prevents armed conflicts and war. â€Å"†¦ [T]here is a close relationship between disarmament and development and that progress in the field of disarmament would considerably promote progress in the field of development.† The costs of wars and conflicts often are not clear to the world community, it just not the violating human rights at once but making many human persons disables for the long time which is contrary to the concept of development. â€Å"Violent conflicts claims lives not just through bullets but through the erosion of human security more broadly.† Armed conflicts and wars all over the world displaced many people which is ultimately a violation of human rights and also a serious impediment of development. â€Å"About 25 million people are internally displaced because of conflicts or human rights violations.† However, some developed nations go for war for resources but ultimately their development doesn’t become as sustainable one. Their internal development get interrupted by drugs, alcoholism, joblessness, economic unrest thereby produce instability, recent USA’s movement of ‘we are 99%’ the occupier of world street and UK’s unrest are glaring examples of non-sustainability of their development. Conclusion Human rights and development share some commonalities, for that reason they have justification to be applied in practical field which can be a very pragmatic way to solve problems that we are facing today. Thus, in the light of above discussion, it shall not be less than just to claim that, human rights and development both are the antithesis of armed conflicts and war, and vice-versa. The promotion and protection of formers discourages the latter, and happening of the latter severely violates and hampers the former. Thus, human rights and development are the contradictory to war and the war, armed conflicts are also opposite to the promotion and protection of human rights, and realization sustainable development. In this same point, the both human rights and development could used as to prevent armed conflicts and war. â€Å"In turn without development, long term enjoyment of human rights and development will prove illusory and war, of course is the antithesis of both.† [ 2 ]. The author completed LL.B. LL.M. from University of Dhaka. And currently serving as Lecturer, Department of Law. Green University of Bangladesh. [ 3 ]. Preamble, Para-2, Declaration on the Right to Development, 1986, adopted by UNGA. [ 4 ]. Robinson, Mary, A voice for human rights, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006, p.303. [ 5 ]. Preamble, The UN charter.1945. [ 6 ]. Ibid. [ 7 ]. Bari, Dr.M.Ershadul, Human rights and World peace, The Dhaka University Studies Part-F, Vol.III(1):1-11June 1992,p.2 [ 8 ]. The third preambular paragraph. [ 9 ]. HDR, 1990, UNDP, New York, p. 10. [ 10 ]. Ibid. [ 11 ]. Ibid. [ 12 ]. See for more, Sen, Amartya, Human security now, Commission on human security, New York, 2003, pp. 2- 9. [ 13 ]. Anaan, kofi, Report of the secretary general, UN ,New York,2005,p.6. [ 14 ]. Preamble, Para-6, Declaration on Social Progress and Development,1969,adopted by UNGA. [ 15 ]. Preamble, Declaration on the Right to Development, 1986, adopted by UNGA. [ 16 ]. HDR, 2005, UNDP, New York, p.155. [ 17 ]. Ibid., p.151. [ 18 ]. Annan, Kofi, Official records of the UNGA, forty-seventh session, supplement no-1(A/47/1) para-109.

Friday, September 20, 2019

The Real Causes Of Nationalism And Imperialism History Essay

The Real Causes Of Nationalism And Imperialism History Essay Generally, war is the result of a national entity wishing to improve the standard of living for its people. A major second cause is when a nation perceives a possible reduction in a current standard of living and fights to protect what it at ready has. War is a behavior pattern exhibited by many primate species including human most basically and other species in the other hand like ant species. The primary feature of this behavior is a certain state of organized violent conflict that is engaged in between two or more separate social entities such conflict is always an attempt at altering either the psychological hierarchy or the material hierarchy of domination or equality between two or more groups. In all causes; at least one participant (group) in the conflict perceives the need to dominate the other participant. The perceived need for domination often arises from a belief that an essential ideology or resource is somehow either so incompatible or so scarce as to threaten the fundamental experience of the one group experiencing the need to dominate the other group. Leaders will sometimes enter into a war under the protest that their actions are primarily defensive, however when objectively their actions may more closely resemble a form of unprovoked, unwarranted or disproportionate aggression. World War I was the result of leaders aggression towards other countries which was supported by the rising nationalism of the European Nations. Economic and imperial competism and fear of war prompted military alliances and an arms race which will further escalate the tension contributing to the outbreak of war What really causes war are:- Nationalism Imperialism Bismarck and Alliance Collapse of Bismarck an Alliance Arms Race Crisis in Africa Nationalism At the settlement of the Vienna congress in 1815, the principle of nationalism was ignored in failure of keeping the peace. Germany and Italy were left as divided states, but strong nationalist movements and revolutions led to the unification of Italy in 1861 and Germany too in 1871. Another result of the Franco Prussian war of 1870-71 was that France was left of tumid the nation seethed with suppressed revolutionary activity over the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany and Revanche was a major goal for the French Nationalism posed a problem for Austria-Hungary and the Balkans area in Germany comprised of many conflicting national groups. The ardent pauslavism of Serbia and Russia willingness to support and contribute to its Slavic brother conflicted with Austria-Hungarys pan-Germanism. Imperialism The factor which contributed to the increase in rivalry in Europe was imperialism, because of the competition between these countries; Great Britain, Germany and France because they needed foreign markets after the increase in manufacturing caused by the industrial revolution. These countries were competing for economic expansion in Africa, although Britain and France resolved their differences in Africa, several crises fore-shadowing the war involved the clash of Germany against Britain and France in North Africa. In the Middle East, the crumbling Ottoman Empire was alluring to Austria-Hungary, the Balkans and Russia. BISMARCK AND ALLIANCES World War I was caused in part by the two opposing alliances developed by Bismarckian diplomacy that was after the Franco-Prussian war, and in order to diplomatically isolate France, Bismarck formed the three Emperors league in 1871 an alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia. When the French occupied Tunisia, Bismarck took advantage of the Italian indignation and resentment toward France and created the Triple Alliance between Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary in 1882. In exchange for Italys agreement to stay neutral, no distinctive quality or characteristic or type if war broke out between Austria-Hungary and Russian. Austria-Hungary and Germany would protect Italy from France. Russia and Austria-Hungary grew suspicious of themselves over conflict in the Balkans in 1887, but Bismarck repaired the damage to these suspicious to his alliances with a reinsurance Treaty with Russia, allowing both the two powers to stay neutral if the other was at War. COLLAPSE OF BISMARCKIAN ALLIANCES Bismarck was fired by Kaiser William II in 1890, the tradition dislike and dont like the idea of slaves kept Bismarcks successors from renewing the agreement with Russia. France took opportunity to get an ally-to place in a friendly association, as by treaty or to unite or connect and the Franco-Russian entente was formed in 1891. The Kruger Telegram William II sent to congratulate the leader of the Boers for defeating the British in 1890 and he gave the German soldiers instructions to behave like Huns in China during the Boxer Rebellion and particularly the large-scale navy he was Building all contributed to British distrust of Germany. As a result of that, Britain and France overlooked all major impenalistic conflict between them and formed an Entente coordinate in 1904. Russia formed an Entente with Britain in 1907 after they reached an agreement with Britains ally Japan and William II had further alienated Russia by supporting Austrian ambitions in the Balkans. The Triple Entente, an informal coalition between Great Britain, France and Russia now countered the Triple Alliance. International tension was greatly increased by the division of Europe into two armed camps. ARMS RACE The menace (something that threatens to cause evil, harm, injury or a threat) of the hostile division led to an arms race, another cause of World War I. Acknowledging that Germany was the leader in military organization and efficiency the great powers of Europe copied the universal conscription, large reserve and detailed planning of the Prussian system. Organizational and Technological developments led to the formation of general staffs with precise plans for mobilization and attack that often could not be reversed once they were begun. The German Von Schlieffen plan to attack France before Russia in the event of the war with Russia was once such complicated plan that attracted and drew more countries into war than necessary. Armies and Navies were greatly expanded. The standing armies of France and Germany doubled the size between 1870 and 1914. Naval expansion was also extremely competitive, particularly between Germany and Great Britain. By 1889, the British had established the p rinciple that in order to maintain naval superiority in the event of war, they would have to have a navy two and a half times as large as the second-largest navy. This motivated the British to launch the Dreadnought, invented by Admiral Sir John Fisher in 1906. The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 had demonstrated how effective these battleships were. As Britain increased their output of battleships, Germany correspondingly stepped up their naval production including the Dreadnought. Although efforts for worldwide disarmament (the act of laying down arms especially the reduction or abolition of a nations military forces and armaments) were made at the Hague conferences of 1899 and 1907 international rivalry caused the arms race to continue to feed on itself. CRISIS IN AFRICA The friction (the rubbing of one object or surface against another conflict, as between persons having dissimilar ideas or interest) of an armed and divided Europe escalated into several crises in Morocco and the Balkans which nearly ended in war. In 1905, Germany announced its support of independence for Morocco, the African colony which Britain had given France in 1904. The British defended the French and war was avoided by the international conference in Algeciras in 1906 which allowed France to make Morocco a French protectorate. BOSNIAN CRISIS OF 1908 There was conflict incited by the Austria-Hugarian annexation of the former Turkish province of Bosnia in 1908. The Greater Serbia threatened war on Austria-Hungary. Russia had pledged their support to Serbia, so they began to mobilize, which caused Germany, allied with Austria-Hungary, to threaten war on Russia. The beginning of World War I was postponed when Russia backed down but relations between Austria-Hungary and Serbia were greatly strained.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Women in Politics Essay -- Papers

Women in Politics Beginning with the early nineteen hundreds, women from all over the country have bounded together, forming leagues and clubs for equal rights. However, it wasn't until today "at the dawn of the twenty-first century, states and international community can no longer refute the fact that humanity is made up of two sexes, not just one" (Oliveria 26). Why has the woman's move for equality just now started to balance itself out? Well, the answer is quite simple; women are just now being looked at as semi-equals. They are beginning to become corporate executives in businesses, and popular in the field of medicine and law. Women have tried hard to push themselves forward in society to create a balanced and harmonious economy and so far it has been successful. Barriers of all kinds have been broken, well, all except a few, mainly in politics and with the information I have collected I will show why. Politics†¦when one stops and thinks of the word "politics" what naturally comes to mind? Our founding fathers, Presidents George Washington, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson; the popular political figures of today, President Bill Clinton, George W. Bush and Al Gore; or do we think about Belva Ann Lockwood, Jeannette Rankin, Frances Perkins, and Eugenie Moore - who? When American's think about politics, Lyn Kathlene, journalist for the "Higher Education Chronicles," states that "ninety-five percent of the time they envision a man who is in charge of running, or helping to run, their country." Is society to blame for this misconception that women do not hold important roles in government and participate in making important decisions for our country? Not really, people just don't hear or read about women in politics as often as... ...ernment? No, but society needs to realize that this is "'the dawn of a new century'" and the role of the female should indeed be reevaluated. Bibliography: Arenofsky, Janice. "Women in Politics." Career World April 1996: 16-21. Hogan, Robert. "The Influence of State and District Conditions on the Representation of Women in U.S. State Legislation." American Politics Research January 20001: 4-24. Hunter, Teola. "A Different View of Progress -- Minority Women in Politics." The Journal of State Government December 1995: 45-52. Kathlene, Lyn. "Studying the New Voice of Women in Politics." The Chronicles of Higher Higher Education 18 Nov. 1992: B2. Periodical Abstracts. Online. 1992. Oliveria, Ruisika. "Women's Long March to Power: The Political Arena." United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Courier June 2000: 26-35.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

John Jays Hammond JR. :: essays research papers fc

John Hays Hammond, JR. John Hammond was one of the greatest electrical and mechanical inventors of his time. The things he invented during his lifetime impacted history a great deal. According to John Pettibone, John Hays Hammond, Jr. was born in 1888 in San Francisco, California (Pettibone 1). Most of his life Hammond was known as Jack. He was the second son and namesake of a world-famous mining engineer, who was the friend, confidant, and almost running mate of William Howard Taft. Jack’s father grossed a supposed one million dollars a year as well as bonuses at the South African gold and diamond fields where his father relocated his family in 1893. While in South Africa, Jack’s father got imprisoned by accident and in prison got really sick. Mark Twain was on tour of Africa and visited the prison and soon afterwards the Hammond family moved to recuperate in England (Dandola1-2). Young Hammond became devoted to studying life in the past and castles after his family relocated to England in 1898. At the beginning of the century his family moved back to the United States. Years later, as a marriage gift for his wife Irene, Hammond started building a medieval castle home in Gloucester, MA. In 1929 the couple took up residence in the castle and in 1930 revealed it as a museum (Pettibone 1). To invent, John Hays Hammond would at no time have to look far for ideas. He was born into an educated family in 1888 and some of the family’s associates included Nikola Tesla, the Wright brothers, and Thomas Edison. Hammond was both a realistic and fanciful inventor; his attractions varied from culinary and music to torpedoes and electronics (John 1). In New Jersey where John Hammond enlisted at the Lawrenceville School in 1903, his first invention came along. To elude the school’s 8:00 PM rule for lights out, Hammond was delighted to install into a lot of his friend’s dorms a sensor and an over current protection device that automatically turned off the rooms lighting as the door was opened. Hammond was disappointed years afterwards, that he had not listened to Edison’s advice, when a device similar to his became commonplace in vehicles and refrigerators. Edison had told him: Patent all your ideas, and get yourself a good lawyer (John 1). Jack never lost interest in medieval history, which became one of his passions after he was exposed to castles while enrolled in an English prep school.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Is It Necessary to Have a Debut?

They say, when you reach the age of eighteen, you will be on the legal age. You are free to decide everything that you want; free to go on adults places and be who you wanted to be. It is also in this age that every teenagers long for. That is why; having a debut is one way of celebrating this occasion. But is it really necessary for us to have this? For my own perspective, having a debut on your legal day is something that is not necessary in our life. I understand that we celebrate our 18th birthday through because you have this reason that is your way of showing you are very grateful that you have finally reached this age. But isn’t it too expensive to have this? Is it really important that you have these 18 candles and 18 roses on that day? Can we just show our gratitude in just a simple dinner shared with our family? Don’t get wrong, when I was on this age. I was also grateful that I celebrated my birthday having a debut party with my friends. To tell you honestly, it was not me or my family who organized it. It was my college friends. It was a surprise for me. And just by being frank, that was the first birthday in my life that I wasn’t with my family but it was very unforgettable day. I never planned to have a debut nor ever dreamed of having one. It’s just that God might put me into a place where I am being valued. And it is something that I am thankful of. For the details of my debut, I have also these 18 candles and 18 roses. Instead of having a dance with these 18 handsome boys, who are my friends, they sang a song which will represent our love and friendship for each other. They planned everything on my birthday. From the dress I wore on that day to the car I rode on that place and to the food we’ve ate. Everything was so perfect. Except that my family is not there. Oh I forgot to tell you. They’ve also invited some of my High school friends. That was really surprising. Though they don’t know each other, they still managed to plan everything for a surprise. One year later, it was my birthday again; I will be on the age of 19. But what I realized is that being 19 have no difference when you are 18. Except that you have added 1 more year in your life. Some of my friends have already forgotten my birthday. They will no longer remember it unless they’ve seen it on Facebook. At this point, I thought about having a debut is not necessary. We can be as grateful as we are in our everyday life. We can thank everyone not only in our 18th birthday but we can have it every day. We may not have everything that we want on our birthday but at least we may have nothing.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Representation and Stuart Hall’s the Other

Representation connects meaning and language to culture. Theories about how LANGUAGE is used to represent the world: * the reflective, Does language simply reflect a meaning which already exists out there in the world of objects, people and events? * the intentional Does language express only what the speaker or writer or painter wants to say, his or her personally intended meaning? * the constructionist Or is meaning constructed in and through language? this perspective has had the most significant impact on cultural studies in recent years.Two major variants or models of the constructionist approach – the semiotic approach (Ferdinand de Saussure) and the discursive approach (Michel Foucault). It is simple enough to see how we might form concepts for things we can perceive -people or material objects, like chairs, tables and desks. But we also form concepts of rather obscure and abstract things, which we can't in any simple way see, feel or touch. Think, for example, of our c oncepts of war, or death, or friendship or love.And, as we have remarked, we also form concepts about things we never have seen, and possibly can't or won't ever see, and about people and places we have plainly made up. We may have a clear concept of, say, angels, mermaids, God, the Devil, or of Heaven and Hell. Culture Now it could be the case that the conceptual map which I carry around in my head is totally different from yours, in which case you and I would interpret or make sense of the world in totally different ways. We would be incapable of sharing our thoughts or expressing ideas about the world to each other.In fact, each of us probably does understand and interpret the world in a unique and individual way. However, we are able to communicate because we share broadly the same conceptual maps and thus make sense of or interpret the world in roughly similar ways. That is indeed what it means when we say we ‘belong to the same culture'. Because we interpret the world in roughly similar ways, we are able to build up a shared culture of meanings and thus construct a social world which we inhabit together. That is why ‘culture' is sometimes defined in terms of ‘SHARED MEANINGS/CONCEPTUAL MAPS'.However, a shared conceptual map is not enough. We must also be able to represent or exchange meanings and concepts, and we can only do that when we also have access to a shared language. LANGUAGE is therefore the second system of representation involved in the overall process of constructing meaning. At the heart of the meaning process in culture, then, are two related ‘systems of representation'. The first enables us to give meaning to the world by constructing a set of correspondences or a chain of equivalences between things -people, objects, events, abstract ideas, etc. and our system of concepts, our conceptual maps. The second depends on constructing a set of correspondences between our conceptual map and a set of signs, arranged or org anized into various languages which stand for or represent those concepts. The relation between ‘things', concepts and signs lies at the heart of the production of meaning in language. The process which links these three elements together is what we call ‘representation'. 1. 2 Language and representation Sheep, cartoon and abstract painting. Visual signs are what are called iconic signs.That is, they bear, in their form, a certain resemblance to the object, person or event to which they refer. Written or spoken signs, on the other hand, are what is called indexical. 1. 3 Sharing the codes The question, then, is: how do people who belong to the same culture, who share the same conceptual map and who speak or write the same language (English) know that the arbitrary combination of letters and sounds that makes up the word, TREE, will stand for or represent the concept ‘a large plant that grows in nature'? The meaning is not in the object or person or thing, nor is it in the word.It is we who fix the meaning so firmly that, after a while, it comes to seem natural and inevitable. It is constructed and fixed by the CODE, which sets up the correlation between our conceptual system and our language system. Codes fix the relationships between concepts and signs. They stabilize meaning within different languages and cultures. One way of thinking about ‘CULTURE' is in terms of these†¦ shared conceptual maps, shared language systems and the codes which govern the relationships of translation between them.This translatability is not given by nature or fixed by the gods. It is the result of a set of social conventions. To belong to a culture is to belong to roughly the same conceptual and linguistic universe, to know how concepts and ideas translate into different languages, and how language can be interpreted to refer to or reference the world. To share these things is to see the world from within the same conceptual map and to make sense of i t through the same language systems. [Inuit and English terms of snowy weather] Does this necessarily mean they experience the snow differently? . 4 Theories of representation Reflective approach meaning is thought to lie in the object, person, idea or event in the real world, and language functions like a mirror, to reflect the true meaning as it already exists in the world. As the poet Gertrude Stein once said, ‘A rose is a rose is a rose'. In the fourth century BC, the Greeks used the notion of mimesis to explain how language, even drawing and painting, mirrored or imitated Nature; they thought of Homer's great poem, The Iliad, as ‘imitating' a heroic series of events.So the theory which says that language works by simply reflecting or imitating the truth that is already there and fixed in the world, is sometimes called ‘mimetic'. And if someone says to me that there is no such word as ‘rose' for a plant in her culture, the actual plant in the garden canno t resolve the failure of communication between us. Within the conventions of the different language codes we are using, we are both right -and for us to understand each other, one of us must learn the code linking the flower with the word for it in the other's culture.Intentional approach. (the opposite case. ) It holds that it is the speaker, the author, who imposes his or her unique meaning on the world through language. Words mean what the author intends they should mean. Again, there is some point to this argument since we all, as individuals, do use language to convey or communicate things which are special or unique to us, to our way of seeing the world. However, as a general theory of representation through language, the intentional approach is also flawed.We cannot be the sole or unique source of meanings in language, since that would mean that we could express ourselves in entirely private languages. But the essence of language is communication and that, in turn, depends on shared linguistic conventions and shared codes. Language can never be wholly a private game. Our private intended meanings, however personal to us, have to enter into the rules, codes and conventions of language to be shared and understood. Language is a social system through and through.This means that our private thoughts have to negotiate with all the other meanings for words or images which have been stored in language which our use of the language system will inevitably trigger into action. Constructivist approach The third approach recognizes this public, social character of language. It acknowledges that neither things in themselves nor the individual users of language can fix meaning in language. Things don't mean: we construct meaning, using representational systems – concepts and signs.We must not confuse the material world, where things and people exist, and the symbolic practices and processes through which representation, meaning and language operate. Constructi vists do not deny the existence of the material world. However, it is not the material world which conveys meaning: it is the language system or whatever system we are using to represent our concepts. It is social actors who use the conceptual systems of their culture and the linguistic and other representational systems to construct meaning, to make the world meaningful and to communicate about that world meaningfully to others.Representation is a practice, a kind of ‘work', which uses material objects and effects. But the meaning depends, not on the material quality of the sign, but on its symbolic function. It is because a particular sound or word stands for, symbolizes or represents a concept that it can function, in language, as a sign and convey meaning – or, as the constructionists say, signify (sign-i-fy) 1. 5 The language of traffic lights We represent or symbolize the different colours and classify them according to different colour-concepts.This is the concep tual colour system of our culture. We say ‘our culture' because, of course, other cultures may divide the colour spectrum differently. What's more, they certainly use different actual words or letters to identify different colours: what we call ‘red', the French call ‘rouge' and so on. This is the linguistic code -the one which correlates certain words (signs) with certain colours (concepts), and thus enables us to communicate about colours to other people, using ‘the language of colours'.But how do we use this representational or symbolic system to regulate the traffic? Colours do not have any ‘true' or fixed meaning in that sense. Red does not mean ‘Stop' in nature, any more than Green means ‘Go'. In other settings, Red may stand for, symbolize or represent ‘Blood' or ‘Danger' or ‘Communism'; and Green may represent ‘Ireland' or ‘The Countryside' or ‘Environmentalism'. Even these meanings can change. In the ‘language of electric plugs', Red used to mean ‘the connection with the positive charge’ but this was arbitrarily and without explanation changed to Brown!But then for many years the producers of plugs had to attach a s1ip:of paper telling people that the code or convention had changed, otherwise how would they know? Red and Green work in the language of traffic lights because ‘Stop' and ‘Go' are the meanings which have been assigned to them in our culture by the code or conventions governing this language, and this code is widely known and almost universally obeyed in our culture and ‘cultures like ours –though we can well imagine other cultures which did not possess the code, in which this language would be a complete mystery.Does it matter which colours we use? No, the constructivists argue. This is because what signifies is not the colours themselves but (a) the fact that they are different and can be distinguished from one another ; and (b) the fact that they are organized into a particular sequence. What signifies, what carries meaning is not each colour in itself nor even the concept or word for it. It is the difference between Red and Green which signifies. If you couldn't differentiate between Red and Green, you couldn't use one to mean ‘Stop' and the other to mean ‘Go'. The simplest way of marking difference is, of course, by means of a binary opposition. Saussure’s revolutionary proposition =: a language consists of signifiers, but in order to produce meaning, the signifiers have to be organized into ‘a system of differences'. It is the differences between signifiers which signify. ) In principle, any combination of colours – like any collection of letters in written language or of sounds in spoken language – would do, provided they are sufficiently different not to be confused.Constructionists express this idea by saying that all signs are ‘arbitrary'. †˜Arbitrary' means that there is no natural relationship between the sign and its meaning or concept. Signs are arbitrary. Their meanings are fixed by codes. Since Red only means ‘Stop' because that is how the code works, in principle any colour would do, including Green. It is the code that fixes the meaning, not the colour itself. This also has wider implications for the theory of representation and meaning in language. It means that signs themselves cannot fix meaning.Instead, meaning depends on the relation between a sign and a concept which is fixed by a code. Meaning is ‘relational'. 1. 6 Summary Representation is the production of meaning through language. Constructionists argue we use signs, organized into languages of different kinds, to communicate meaningfully with others. Languages can use signs to symbolize, stand for or reference objects, people and events in the so-called ‘real' world. But they can also reference imaginary things and fantasy worlds o r abstract ideas which are not in any obvious sense part of our material world.There is no simple relationship of reflection, imitation or one-to-one correspondence between language and the real world. The world is not accurately or otherwise reflected in the mirror of language. Language does not work like a mirror. Meaning is produced within language, in and through various representational systems which, for convenience, we call ‘languages'. Meaning is produced by the practice of representation. It is constructed through signifying – i. e. meaning-producing- practices. How does this take place? In fact, it depends on two different but related systems of representation.First, the concepts which are formed in the mind function as a system of mental representation which classifies and organizes the world into meaningful categories. If we have a concept for something, we can say we know its ‘meaning'. But we cannot communicate this meaning without a second system of representation, a language. Language consists of signs organized into various relationships. But signs can only convey meaning if we possess CODES which allow us to translate our concepts into language -and vice versa. These codes are crucial for meaning and representation.They do not exist in nature but are the result of social conventions. They are a crucial part of our culture – our shared ‘maps of meaning' -which we learn and unconsciously internalize as we become members of our culture. Meaning is not fixed. For many centuries, western societies have associated the word BLACK with everything that is dark, evil, forbidding, devilish, dangerous and sinful. Yet perception of black people in America in the 1960s changed after the phrase ‘Black is Beautiful' became a popular slogan -where the signifier, BLACK, was made to signify the exact opposite meaning (signified) to its previous associations.In Saussure's terms, ‘Language sets up an arbitrary relation between signifiers of its own choosing on the one hand, and signifieds of its own choosing on the other. Not only does each language produce a different set of signifiers, articulating and dividing the continuum of sound (or writing or drawing or photography) in a distinctive way; each language produces a different set of signifieds; it has a distinctive and thus arbitrary way of organizing the world into concepts and categories' (Culler, 1976, p. 23).

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Hades Essay

The ultimate danger lies within death; he worst failure in a journey is when the hero falls to the fiery grasp of Hell. Much like Odysseus – a Greek hero whose tale can be found in The Odyssey – Leopold Bloom travels into Hades in episode six of Ulysses. The theme of death is a constant recurrence throughout Ulysses, and â€Å"Hades†, as its name implies, is the one chapter where death reigns. But â€Å"Hades† centers more on escaping Hell and returning to the land of the living. The heroes, in the face of death, come back to life. Odysseus and Bloom are mirrored characters, and they both have managed to escape the Underworld.This essays main goal will be to analyses the Homeric parallels between Odysseus' journey in the Underworld and Bloom's travel to Payday Diagram's funeral, a real-life journey into the depths of Hell. First of all, the Homeric parallels in episode six begin with the use of the number eleven. (l should note right away that the funeral for Payday Digamma begins at eleven a. M. ) Eleven is an essential piece of the episode, since it is a number that represents sin and death. To understand why eleven is considered a bad number, we must go back to old times.In ancient societies, pacifically Christian and/or Catholic cultures, the Decoupage, or the Ten Commandments, was used as a reference into writing laws. The number ten was considered a holy number, because there were ten fundamental laws to be followed in Catholic communities. Seeing as the number eleven oversteps ten, it was considered by many to be a â€Å"transgression of law and of sin† (Saint- Augustine, 464). Both Homer and Joyce were aware of the symbolism of the number eleven. The two authors went out of their way to weave the number into their works.However, the two writers did not use eleven as a symbol of in, but rather death. For example, in Homers The Iliad, Achilles grants the Trojan eleven days to complete Hectors funeral rites before the bat tle recommences. (Bell, 404) If we were to compare The Iliad with The Odyssey, we would see a similarity in the funeral rites. When Odysseus descends into the Underworld, he meets the ghost of one of his men, Lovelorn, who had fallen to his death when he fell asleep in the tower on Circle's island. Lovelorn begs Odysseus to give him a proper funeral, just as Hector had received.Let's now switch over to Ulysses: because Diagram's funeral begins at eleven ‘clock, Digamma is a parallel to Lovelorn, who is a parallel of Hector. These parallels explain why Joyce uses the number eleven in â€Å"Hades†. But enough about numbers. Lees discuss parallels in the novel. Joyce has a habit of linking each chapter in some way or another. By this, mean themes and concepts from previous chapters parallel chapters further on in the novel. For example, â€Å"Sirens† focused on the element of sound, whereas â€Å"Cyclops† contrasts and concentrates on sight. Similarly,  "Hades† is a parallel to â€Å"Protests† with its life and death themes.At the beginning of episode three, the themes of life and earth appear immediately. Stephen encounters a midwife carrying a bag; he thinks the bag holds a â€Å"miniskirt with a trailing nevermore, hushed in ruddy wool. † (3. 36) Midwives are seen as a symbol of birth, because they assist women giving birth. However, the chapter's theme quickly switches when Stephen realizes the baby is deceased. The â€Å"ruddy wool† solidifies this mood change; in chapter four, we learn that Bloom's son, named Rudy, had passed away around ten years ago. Rudy had been buried in a â€Å"ruddy red† wool sweater.With Stephen thinking of his dead mother, and his seeing a dead dog n the beach, the concept of death is present throughout the episode. By contrast, â€Å"Hades† begins with an immediate mention of death. Bloom, Martin Cunningham, Simon Deals and Jack Power are heading to Payday Di agram's funeral. Just like when we get a glimpse of death in the ‘life chapter' â€Å"Protests†, we get a glimpse of life in the ‘death chapter' â€Å"Hades†. As Bloom climbs into the carriage to get to the cemetery, he wipes off bits of crumbs on his suit. These crumbs are a reference to the â€Å"potted meat† (17. 124-5) we see on Molly's bed; the crumbs are a metaphor for copulating, and thus birth and fife. The main difference between â€Å"Protests† and â€Å"Hades† is that, in episode six, the theme of death is far more elaborated. From the coffin-tight carriage the men travel in, to the cattle being shipped off to the slaughterhouse, to the mention of Bloom's father's suicide, to the rats crawling out from the graves, Joyce has created a real-life depiction of Hell. What is scary about this episode is the fact that, given the God of Death's reputation in Greek and Roman literature, if Bloom really is descending into Hades, he may not make it out.Greek mythology describes Hades as the God f the Dead. According to legends, the lord of the Underworld kept a close eye on the dead souls, ensuring they do not flee the Underworld. One of Homer's plays, The Odyssey, recounts Odysseus managing to escape from Hades. Odysseus was lucky, since not many heroes have succeeded in escaping the Underworld. The very fact that anyone had been able to break out of the Underworld is a miracle. With this in mind, we are left to wonder if Bloom can make it out of the cemetery ‘alive'. The descent into Hell is seen as a dangerous, but also heroic act, especially in Greek and Roman literature.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

All the World by William Shakespeare Essay

William Shakespeare has been considered the greatest poet of all times. Only school educated, this great poet acquired fame because he had an extraordinary power of observation which he tempered with his brilliant imagination that gave a creative boost to his art. He was also gifted with unique taste of music which helped him to compose beautiful songs and sonnets. His imagination and observation along with a keen ear towards tone and rhythm rendered a sonorous and lyrical quality to his verses- something which was missing in other poets of his times. Shakespeare wrote several comedies, tragedies and poems depicting his profound wisdom and psychological understanding of human nature. The poem ‘All World’s a Stage’ is typical example of Shakespearean genius as he metaphorically compares the world to a stage where every human makes an entry like a stage actor, plays different roles and, when time declares, leaves the stage eventually. The poem is beautiful example of his vision of life. The first stage of life is infancy. The poet here describes a baby crying and throwing out in the mother’s arm calling for attention. In the second stage of life, the baby is now a school-going child who is unhappy and complaining as is unwilling to go to school but is forced to do so. The third stage in life is that of a lover. Young man in this age is full of deep sighs missing his beloved. He is preoccupied with her thoughts so much so that he sits writing long poems in praise of her beauty. The fourth stage in his life is that of a sincere and ambitious career-oriented professional. A this age he is competitive, jealous for opportunities, desires recognition even if it involves risk or great danger. Next comes the middle-aged man, well-fed, highly experienced and full of wisdom. He has great sayings ready for every occasion and a remedy for every problem. The sixth stage is that of a retired old man. He is thin and dressed comfortably, wearing specs and a small purse with him. He is wearing a hose of his youthful times which he has saved till now which helps him in walking. He is grouchy, complaining like a child carrying a pipe in mouth The last stage of life is when man has grown, weak, feeble and lacks strength and vitality. His life is at an end and he has nothing to look forward to. All he has before him is a memory of good old days. He sits reminiscing those times without teeth, eye-sight, taste and everything (hopes, desires, aspirations, etc), patiently waiting for his death.

Friday, September 13, 2019

Behavior and personality development Essay Example for Free

Behavior and personality development Essay A person’s behavior and attitude at any point of time is the resultant effect of all factors acting on the individual. The factors, each contribute in its own way and at varying levels, having a positive effect, a negative effect, a soothening effect or even a precipitating effect. The individual then reacts as a consequence of all combined effects. There are several parameters involved in the development of behavioral patterns including cognitive-social, biological, emotions, gender, person-situation, culture, ethnicity etc. These factors effect differently, for each individual since the level of perception and understanding is varied. It should be noted here that there may be several other factors too that influence behavior patterns, that have not yet been recognized. The cognition-social perception of an individual plays an important role in the building up of the individual’s personality. Although there is a debate of whether cognition gives rise to emotions or emotions give rise to cognition, the resultant reaction has wide social perceptions. The term ‘cognition’ in emotion elicitation includes all simple sensory information processing to very complex processing. The emotion – cognition – interaction is the study on the integrative aspects of research in emotion, cognition and the interaction between the two. The complex association between emotion and cognition is analyzed using knowledge and methods from the separate fields of research. Emotions are not always associated with facial expressions. Face recognition and object recognition are performed through different functions by different areas within the brain. Several disorders like alexia, prosopagnosia and visual agnosia develop when recognition process is impaired. Social cognition attempts to relate personal-social development with intellectual development. The process of cognitive development occurs through four universal stages of infancy; toddler and early childhood; elementary and early adolescence; and, adolescence and adulthood. The development in each stage is associated with an increased level of thinking. Cognition is an important aspect of behavior development. An individual perceives a situation based on his cognitive inputs and responds appropriately. Thus feelings of sadness, happiness, anger, guilt etc. , are produced as a result of cognition. As for me, I don’t tolerate anyone talking to me in a high pitch or commanding tone. In such cases, I deliberately don’t cooperate, even if the speaker wants to help or oblige me. Gender too plays an important role in social developments. Women have been traditionally expected to perform their domestic family roles as obedient wives and daughters. They were mainly more perceived to be sexual objects in a male dominated society, with primary interests in homemaking and caring, till the end of the century. This indifference in sociology can be mainly attributed to men’s identity as the dominant social player associated with force of character while women are associated with their weaknesses and passive role. The relationship between crime and gender has been immense throughout the long period of offence observation. Men and women have differing offence rates and offence patterns, both as offenders and as victims. The opportunities and capabilities of men and women for crime are different, which is reflected in their crime pattern. The sex of offenders has always been recorded throughout the history of criminal record keeping. Lady police officers and corrections officers are also needed to tune in, to fit into the gendered criminal justice system, although their lives are very different from that of women offenders or victims. Women were allowed to take up positions of police patrol officers and corrections officers only in the 1970s. This too was achieved through several legislative changes and civil rights movements. While positions have been opened for women in the male dominated fields like policing and corrections, women are faced with challenges as to what are appropriate or not appropriate women activities, given their traditional attitude on such activities. The social role of women had been had been largely restricted, although the situation has changed considerably. However gender based perception, attitude and reaction to situations persist. I am particularly careful in my dealings with women, because I find it difficult to convince them compared to men, although they don’t argue or threaten like men. It has been established by biocriminology that heredity and body organ dysfunctions can induce an inclination in social interaction. Modern researches indicate that chromosomal abnormalities, hormonal and brain chemical imbalances, diet, drugs and alcohol are factors that contribute to aggressive and criminal behavior. The hormone ‘testosterone’ in men has been identified as the main cause of aggression and crime committed by most men. Several case studies indicate that certain foods or food constituents induce neuropsychological disorders in the form of allergic or pharmacologic reactions which may even lead to chemical imbalances in the brain, resulting in behavioral disorders. Adoption and twin studies too indicate that genetic influences play a major role in development of criminal behavior. Molecular genetic investigations and epidemiological studies suggest that criminal activity may be genetically linked to mental abnormality. Prenatal disturbances or altered normal fetal development due to maternal smoking in pregnancy period is linked to violent offsprings. Reading deficits are sometimes developed in impulsive aggressive people, which could be attributed to their early school experiences. Here, impulsive and aggressive acts are caused due to inability in discriminating visual information during social situations. Biology is an important determinant of behavior and social response. Although I don’t perceive any behavior type as due to any specific food pattern, I do believe that group behavior or specific instincts of groups has to do with their biological response. Cultural differences and its influence on behavior have been extensively studied by behavioral scientists mainly during the 1940s and the 1960s. Cross-cultural psychology is very important in understanding the psychological framework of inter personal behavior. Interpersonal behavior is a vital aspect of human daily activity and is greatly influenced by culture. In recent times, this relationship between culture and individual behavior is more explored through empirical studies rather than historical or philosophical enquiries. Findings of such studies indicate that culture moulds and defines individual attitude as much as it determines our values, our ways of thinking and our social relationships. Culture is in fact a major criteria in the determination of human behavior. Culture together with the physical environment represent one of the two important external factors that mould human behavior. These factors in combination with internal influential factors of biological and psychological aspects constitute the main determinants of human behavior. Culture is inhibited by both internal and external representations. External representation of culture is seen in institutions of education, politics, religion and economy while it is internally represented through values, worldviews, beliefs etc. All these forces act simultaneously on an individual at any given point of time. Perhaps most of the conflict and confrontation in today’s world may be attributed to cultural differences. Clash of cultures and adherence to rigid cultural beliefs, keeps up tension between communities. A mutual respect and understanding of each others culture and values is essential for the upliftment of any society. I find it difficult to live a normal life where cultural tolerance is not practiced. I personally feel that culture intolerance is a sign of undeveloped cultures. The individual at any point of time is also subject to a given situation. It is this simultaneous interaction of the person and the situation, which ultimately derives the behavior. Therefore, behavior can be described as a person-situation interaction, which is under continuous adjustment. Normal or abnormal behavior is a continuous response to the person-situation forces. The attitude and behavior of mankind is influenced by several factors, which cannot be predicted or explained using any particular theory. These include cognition, biological, behaviorist, cognitive-social, existential-humanistic, person-situation, and gender, cultural and ethnicity. It must also be understood that similar factors cannot influence everyone to the same level. A combination of several such factors may perhaps explain a particular behavior pattern. Although the role of the parameters in the development of the behavior pattern is known, we cannot conclude that all factors contributing to the same have been identified, nor the level of contribution of each factor. Newer research needs to be done on the subject, to determine further influences, given the fact that technology and lifestyle are constantly evolving. Behavior and personality development. (2016, Oct 31). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

How to maintain Mr. Juicy as the market leader in the Hong Kongs Essay

How to maintain Mr. Juicy as the market leader in the Hong Kongs chilled juice market - Essay Example The health conscious nature of the company was reflected in in 2003, when Mr. Juicy introduced a new formulation, adding vitamins A, D, E and soluble fibre. The mascot has evolved from "Mr. Juicy Fresh" to "Mr. Juicy Fit". In 2005, Mr. Juicy Fit undergoes a packaging revamp exercise, in which the product attributes for health elements are highlighted. This illustrates that A.S.Watson group has been transforming Mr.Juicy according to the market needs to some extent. At the same time, fruit graphics are employed to enhance the wholesomeness of the brand. However to continue its leading position there is a strong necessity to formulate management strategies. It also require strong marketing plan and an exercise to analyse the existing problems or weaknesses so that the opportunities and strengths can be maximized. The channel stewards should be introduced which will take care of customer needs immediately. Internet marketing plan has to be generated which reduces its cost of supply to t he customers. The feed back of the customers has to be accurate and timely to make necessary improvements. Improvement plan has to be made keeping the future issues in mind. Keeping these in view an exercise has been made to prepare a management plan with a major objective of maintaining the number one position of Mr. Juicy in Hongkong market. The A.S. Watson Group is a leading company that produces and markets a full range of fruit juices, soft drinks, tea and cooling drink products in Hong Kong and the Mainland. With a history dating back to 1828, the A.S. Watson Group has evolved into an international retail and manufacturing business with operations in 36 markets worldwide.   At present, the Beverages Division operates two plants, producing bottled and canned soft drinks, and fruit juices. Among the major brands marketed by the company are: Sunkist, Mr. Juicy, Watsons cordials and mixers, Crystal Spring teas, and Sarsae carbonated drink and MJ cooling drinks in

Thursday, September 12, 2019

United States Military Actions Without Congressional Declaration of Essay

United States Military Actions Without Congressional Declaration of War - Essay Example The U.S. has the ability to invade a country simply because it can and not because it is the option of last resort. Prior to the Korean War, the government used military force only when necessary so as to protect the country’s vital interests. Many times since that era the policy makers’ characterization of ‘vital interests’ has been flawed yet U.S. military involvement was always justified in this manner. Beginning with the Korean War, the country’s vital interests were no longer the measure by which to initiate military action. For example, the first President Bush committed forces to Somalia in the early 1990’s to be part of a United Nations humanitarian mission but public support quickly evaporated when the American soldiers began dying. President Clinton sent troops to the Balkans which proved to be successful because it caused minimal U.S. casualties while achieving political objectives. This conflict showed that the American public will tolerate military intervention even when not presented as protecting vital interests but only if it doesn’t cost a great deal of Americans lives. Somalia was a failure but military actions in the Balkans, Haiti, Panama and the first Gulf War have evidently encouraged the United States to initiate military action without any foundation in reason or common sense. The U.S. can overwhelm most other nations militarily, but successful foreign relations and global political objectives are made more complicated and less likely if the military is continually used for dubious purposes (Larson, 1996). The instances of misused military power over the past half century have escalated in the past 15 years which has caused an ever-widening credibility deficit for the U.S. Now, more than ever, it is vital that the U.S. formulate a reasonable policy which dictates the specific guidelines for engaging in foreign military operations. Within this policy, American interests should always be

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Evaluation report Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation report - Personal Statement Example The coordination role involved communicating with the facilitators and the entire relevant department in immersion programs. After development of immersion programs such as the dual immersion program, monitoring and evaluation of the program effectiveness are carried out. Monitoring involves the evaluation of student participation in the programs and individual achievement of the students (Baker 23). Participatory evaluation was conducted by the use of team activities and personal reflections on every task undertaken. As a coordinator, I evaluated individual student participation through roll call and attendance registers. The evaluation of effectiveness was done in cooperation with the facilitators. The monitoring process was successful, and the program recorded an improvement in language proficiency of the learners. In terms of offering logistical support, the purchases of relevant materials have been done on time with the focus being on effective administration of the designed program. The inclusion of immersion outreach programs and visitation to other ISO immersion centers. Additionally, the designing of the programs and plans was undertaken after serious consultation with all stakeholders. The logistical challenges associated with immersion programs have been considerably reduced through interactive program development. The development of the isolation immersion program facilitates simulation of the real life activities with the language learnt. The program takes up to three days and involves the use of one language strictly. As a coordinator, the development of plans and participation in the Isolation immersion program with the students is vital. The designing of isolation immersion program entails designing planning and execution of the set plan (Baker 121). As coordinator, I organized a number of three day immersion events for students

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

Strategies for Google Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategies for Google - Essay Example Yahoo needs to be more innovative, flexible and fast to capture in order to reatin its position in the market. Google launches products early, well before competitors go to market with the same ideas. This is the Google’s positive and aggressive approach towards market capitalization and also focusing on to explore the needs of the users before the user thinks towards it. Google has made more than 50 acquisitions since 2001 and it is quite evident that the Google knock out all its rivals in order to take the competitive advantage and opts the aggressive business strategy towards boosting its revenue. Google came up with the different idea in online advertising and google suppose to be the pioneer after the introduction of Ad Words and Ad Sense, and thus created a sensation in the field of online advertising (Baril, 2009). The innovation is the key of success.The Google’s smart innovative and smart strategies since its inception wondered Yahoo. From the perspective of searching information and answering queries, Google offers a lot to its valubale users.Recently, Google shaking hands with worlds top most universities like Harvard, Oxford and some others to digitize their libraries (Honey , 2009). The difference exists between Google and Yahoo with respect to the revenue. Yahoo generates its revenue from Yahoo mail, ads, and some other features where as Google gets almost 85% of its revenue from ads.The reason behind is the Google’s technological innovations which is the user-friendly and gains the popularity world over (Honey , 2009). Google launched SDC (Secure Data Connector) in the year 2009 its feature is to access the users to secure corporate data, even working with Google application outside the firewall. In addition, SDC also allows that secure data to be accessed from inside Google Gadgets, Google App Engine, and Google Spreadsheets (Kolakowski, 2009). In the years to come, Google plans to develop its own operating system .It is an

Monday, September 9, 2019

Jasper Conran Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Jasper Conran - Coursework Example Jasper Conran is considered to be amongst the greatest contemporary artists and in recognition of his contribution to the fashion industry was honored with the Order of the British Crown in 2008. After Jasper Conran became associated with the Debenhams Store that stocked and marketed his J Line women’s wear that was launched in 1996, several of his other range of products began to be accepted through the store. In fact, his most successful venture has been his association with Debenhams, after which the sale of his line of accessories, men’s wear, women’s wear, hosiery, children wear and homeware grew exponentially. Jasper Conran has the distinction of being recognized with credibility in the world of costume designing. He has designed dresses for more than 15 theatre, opera and ballet productions (Ewing and Mackrell, 2006). Presently, his line of products has vastly expanded and includes lingerie, children’s wear, bridal wear, home wear, hosiery, jeans an d men’s wear. In 1999, Jasper Conran had started designing his signature brands of crystal following his partnership with Waterfold. This effort led to the introduction of four exclusive lines for Waterford and other table ware collections of bone china, which were also supplied to Wedgewood. The Wedgewood Collection by Jasper Conran is now the top selling porcelain table ware in the U.K. Jasper Conran launched his signature fragrance in 2003 and in 2005 he launched his most successful colorful fragrances; Jasper Conran II Man and Woman. In 2004, Jasper Conran designed a series of wallpapers and fabrics for the Designers’ Guild in London. At this time, Jasper Conran also designed an exclusive collection of fashionable fire places for Chesney’s in London. Jasper Conran is credited with having a unique British receptivity and his signature is exclusive because of his cuts and ensuing silhouette that remain unparalleled by other designers. Jasper Conran has often b een said to be the Calvin Klein of London. He created collections for men and women that represented sophisticated and classic lines. In 1986, he was declared as the Fashion Designer of the Year by the British Fashion Council, after which he struck a balance between British culture and international fashion. Jasper Conran was inspired by earlier Coco Chanel designs and American looks of Claire McCardell. His designs have been applauded for his outcomes generated from his retro styles and modern sophistication that were brought forth with pop over and monastic dresses. He is well recognized for his elegant adaptations of conventional British tweed formals. Conran’s ability and recognition was given a boost primarily because of his use of color combinations that were introduced in his 1992 collection. His evening wear is characteristic of a clean line in each garment that is brightened with cobalt and fuchsia. Founder’s Philosophy Capture any statements made by the desig ner or brand company about their philosophy e.g. attitudes to the environment. Jasper Conran is recognized as an authority in British styles, tailoring and designs that are characterized by a simple philosophy. His pieces are created so that they are used and enjoyed and are a pleasure to hold and to watch. Conran was much impacted by Jean Muir and still considers him as his mentor in fashion styles.